Like the Galapagos and the Serengeti, The Niagara Escarpment is designated as a UNESCO World Biosphere… 

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Page 40 | Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation, Manitoulin Island

Wikwemikong Cultural Festival is eastern Canada‘s longest running Pow Wow, and Manitoulin‘s premiere event.

Page 39 | Wikwemikong First Nation, Manitoulin Island

“When My Son Died” by Kenn Pitawanakwat is a novel of family loss, grief and Indigenous healing.

Page 38 | Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation, Manitoulin Island

The heart of a gentle warrior spirit is reflected in the eyes of Henry of Wikwemikong.

Page 38 | Sheguiandah First Nation, Manitoulin Island

A Sandhill Crane sores skilfully over Sheguiandah First Nation.

Page 37 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Mist rises from Sydney Bay, revealing the magnificent escarpment at Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation.

Page 37 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

A White Admiral butterfly feasts on Joe-pye weed at Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation.

Page 37 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

In recent decades women and girls have been accepted to dance among men in the Pow wow sacred circle.

Page 36 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Across Turtle Island, children, women and men come together to celebrate life with its traditions and teachings: the Pow wow is a time for renewing old friendships and making new ones.

Page 35 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Escarpment cliffs dominate the horizons of Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation.

Page 35 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Author, artist and cultural revivalist Polly Keeshig-Tobias is constantly gathering and sharing knowledge of traditional language and crafts in her community and beyond. One of her many books “The Illustrated History of Chippewas Of Nawash” was adapted into a play.

Page 35 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

A view of the Escarpment from high above Cape Croker Peninsula at Neyaashiinigmiing First Nation.

Page 34 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Artisan Doris Pedoniquette (Coming Clouds) sells #Indigenous crafts from a renovated garage in Neyaashiinigmiing.

Page 34 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

The powwow, a gathering of people coming together to trade dances, is an opportunity for warriors to reenact their brave deeds for all to witness.

Page 34 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

Christine Keeshig, office manager at Madookii Senior Centre, guides an exhibit through the recent history of residential school brutality. Madookii means “sharing” in Anishinaabemowin language.

Page 32 | Neyaashiinigmiing Ojibwe Territory, Ontario

A slow march in honour of murdered and missing Indigenous women brings a deep sorrow into the sacred circle of the annual powwow at Neyaashiinigmiing (aka. Cape Croker).

Page 31 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

Over eons, the waves of Georgian Bay carved a natural cave, best known as “The Grotto”.

Page 31 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

Where turquoise waters pool, Indian Head Cove and “The Grotto” on the Bruce Trail.

Page 31 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

“The Grotto” at Indian Head Cove is a top tourist destination on the Bruce Trail.

Page 30 | Northern Bruce Peninsula

Sparking jewels of The Bruce Peninsula, Niagara Escarpment and Bruce Trail.

Page 30 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

Snow covered cedars of The Bruce Trail.

Page 30 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

Adventurous swimmers brave the steep cliffs and icy waters of Georgian Bay.

Page 30 | Northern Bruce Peninsula

The Bruce Trail meanders through an alvar on the Bruce Peninsula where indian paintbrush and lakeside daisies proliferate.

Page 30 | Lion’s Head Peninsula

Located on the 45th parallel, Lion’s Head is halfway between the Equator and the North Pole.

Page 29 | Beaver Valley

Turkey vultures ride the updraft created when warmer air in the valley rises up the steep 152 metre walls of the escarpment at Mount Baldy.

Page 28 | Eugenia, ON

Cedars defy gravity above Eugenia Falls, the tallest waterfall in Grey County with a sheer 30 metre drop into the Beaver Valley.

Page 28 | Duntroon, ON

Herman Ohrt gives a tour of lime kilns at Duntroon that he and other Bruce Trail volunteers worked diligently to restore.

Page 28 | Mono, ON 

The Bruce Trail is ever-green with cedars in February at Mono Cliffs Provincial Park.

Page 28 | Mono, ON 

Sometimes, more than one season on The Bruce Trail can be experienced in a single day. 

Page 27 | Forks of the Credit Provincial Park, Caledon ON

Fly fishing for brook trout.

Page 27 | Lime Kiln Conservation Area, Limehouse ON

A stone arch (the ruins of an old mill race arch) frames Black Creek along The Kiln Trail.

Page 27 | Hilton Falls Conservation Area, Milton ON

645 hectares of nature trails can be explored at Hilton Falls CA.

Page 27 | Crawford Lake Conservation Area, Milton ON

A wooden boardwalk accesses lookouts onto Crawford Lake, an Ontario Area of Natural and Scientific Interest.

Page 26 | Kelso Conservation Area, Milton ON

Kelso’s iconic limestone cliffs are famous for rock climbing, ancient cedars and for spectacular views of the land below.

Page 25 | Kerncliffe Park, Burlington ON

Kerncliffe Park is a peaceful place to hike the Bruce Trail and wooden boardwalks through wetlands, within view of Burlington’s city skyline.

Page 25 | Dundas Valley Conservation Area, Hamilton ON

The Dundas Valley trails coil through 1,200 acres of land carved out by a succession of glaciers.

Page 25 | Bruce Trail, Waterdown ON

Bruce Trail signs and blazes lead travellers through a network of forests, meadows, canyons and cliff tops in Waterdown.

Page 25 | Smokey Hollow, Waterdown ON

“There is no getting away from the Escarpment in the Hamilton/Halton area. I call it the Escarpment Oasis.” Paul Toffoletti, Vice President, Iroquoia Bruce Trail Club

Page 24 | Felker’s Falls Conservation Area, Stoney Creek ON

Felkers Falls in Stoney Creek is a 22 metre-high, terraced, ribbon waterfall flowing over a bedrock gorge on the face of the Escarpment. Hamilton is known as the City of Waterfalls.

Page 23 | Niagara Glen Nature Reserve

A nature reserve since 1992, the Niagara Glen has an elevation change of 60 metres within the Great Gorge of the Niagara River.

Page 22 | Beamer Memorial Conservation Area, Grimsby

An Eastern Cottontail Rabbit roams its habitat at dusk.

Page 22 | Louth Conservation Area, Lincoln 

A hike across natural limestone “pavements” along the Bruce Trail.

Page 22 | Balls Falls Conservation Area

Two-thirds the height of Niagara Falls, Balls Falls cascades over the Niagara Escarpment, accessed by nature trails with spectacular views.

Page 20 | Boyd Crevices, Meaford ON

The Bruce Trail leads directly through a labyrinth of fissures and ferns near Owen Sound. The Boyd Crevices are a result of a process called “cambering” that caused small cracks in rock to deepen to significantly sized, deep spaces, separated from the main rock of the Escarpment.

Page 19 | Niagara Falls ON

90% of the Niagara River flows over the iconic Horseshoe Falls, also known as The Canadian Falls.

Page 18 | Manitoulin Island

Unlike most waterfalls on the Niagara Escarpment, High Falls on Manitoulin Island has cut into Ordovician age Georgian Bay Formation.

Page 18 | Inglis Falls, Owen Sound ON

18 metre-high Inglis Falls cuts through the fossiliferous grey-brown dolostones of the Fossil Hill Formation.

Page 18 | Albion Falls, Hamilton ON

Red Hill Creek cascades over the 19 metre high Albion Falls. At low water, strata from five rock formations are visible.

Page 17 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

The structurally weaker, thinner bedded rocks, and lower lake levels have combined to encourage the collapse of the lower strata and the development of caves at Cliff Point on the shore of Bruce Peninsula National Park.

Page 17 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

The structurally weaker, thinner bedded rocks, and lower lake levels have combined to encourage the collapse of the lower strata and the development of caves at Cliff Point on the shore of Bruce Peninsula National Park.

Page 16 | Manitoulin Island

At Sheguindah First Nation quartzite has been mined by Indigenous people for at least 9,000 years, particularly for making spear and arrowhead points.

Page 16 | Silent Valley Trail, Meaford ON

Favosites coral, found in the Fossil Hill Formation lived some 430 million years ago. In some formations silica rich solutions in the rock preserved the fossils as chert, which is much less susceptible to dissolution than dolostone.

Page 16 | Duntroon, Ontario

Cracks carved by glacial processes in massively bedded Lockport Group rocks in the Standing Rock side trail, were once the shorelines of early post-glacial lakes.

Page 15 | Bruce Peninsula

At Isthmus Bay, one of the more easily weathered formations exposes the green shale and shaly dolostone of the Dyer Bay Formation.

Page 15 | Bruce Peninsula National Park

A vertical crack in Bruce Peninsula karst has been subject to solution weathering.

Page 15 | Wingfield Basin, Bruce Peninsula

Wingfield Basin is a welcome port for boaters in bad weather on the east side of the Bruce Peninsula where the shore is generally characterized by vertical cliffs and boulder beaches and has very few natural harbours. Some geologists believe that this is the site of a catastrophic draining event that wiped out all life in the Northern Hemisphere 140 million years ago.

Page 14 | Crawford Lake, Burlington ON

Crawford Lake is a meromictic lake which making it a prime site for archaeological and geochemical studies. Unlike other lakes its water does not “turn over” once or more a year.

Page 14 |Nassagaweya Canyon, Milton ON

The massive outlier at Rattlesnake Point Conservation Area is separated from the main body of the Escarpment by the steeply cut Nassagaweya Canyon.

Page 14 | Owen Sound

Zigzag cliffs above Sydenham River are the result of bedrock cracking that may have been caused by high horizontal stresses in the bedrock.

Page 13 | Flowerpot Island

Two complete “flower pots” in view on the south-east shoreline of Flowerpot Island. The vertical fractures, called “jointing” form the edges of the bedrock on which the flower pots are standing.

Page 13 | Flowerpot Island

Sunrise at Flowerpot Island shows multiple horizontal fractures, called bedding planes.

Page 13 | Georgian Bay

The tear dropped shaped reef on the east side of the Bruce Peninsula was carved by glacial ice.

Page 12 | Flowerpot Island

Shoreline flatrocks feature bedrock with closely spaced vertical fractures or joints, some of which have been widened by a process called kartification.

Page 12 | Bruce Peninsula

The Northern Bruce Peninsula’s high cliffs of the Lockport Group Strata, are formations that are more resistant to glacial ice scour and has led to exposed cliffs.

Page 12 | Flowerpot Island

 

 

The famous ‘flower pots’ of Flowerpot Island are erosion features created by the combined forces of wind ice and waves that separated the pots from the adjacent cliffs.

Page 10 | Cup And Saucer, Manitoulin Island

The Niagara Escarpment emerges from Georgian Bay as the spine of Manitoulin, ‘the Great Spirit”, Island, submerging again beneath Lake Huron The most prominent feature on Manitoulin is the cliff exposures at the “Cup and Saucer”, the highest point on the island.

Page 8 | Foreword by AFN Ontario Regional Chief Isadore Day, Wiindawtegowinini

Pages 2-3 |The Maid Of The Mist – by Chezney Martin

The story of the creation of the Niagara Escarpment and Maid of the Mist as told by the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee begins with a battle.
The Thunder Beings are considered the supernatural grandfathers and protectors of the earth. They make appearances in many Haudenosaunee stories and tales. The duties of the Thunder Beings flow from the creation story to the belief that they keep dinosaurs underground with strikes of lightning.
In this particular story we meet a monstrous snake-like beast conjured by witchcraft that decided to live within the Niagara waterways to kill and eat the Haudenosaunee people.
Enraged by this, the Thunder Beings sought to dispel the snake with force. This battle raged on for days as thunder rumbled in the sky and lightning struck the serpent until it dissipated into a huge crevice in the earth, the same crevice we call the Niagara Gorge today.
The Thunder Beings were suspicious as to whether or not the snake had truly been defeated, Rather than leaving the earth they sought shelter behind the waterfall that had been created by the serpent. The Thunder Beings natural rumbles were covered by the sound of falling water, as they awaited any sign that the snake had survived.
Shortly after this battle, the clouds in the sky cleared to a beautiful day. The sunshine attracted a young woman to lie near the water. She was soon to be wed and wouldn’t have much time to enjoy her alone time once she had children.
As she closed her eyes, the snake that was shrunken by the strikes of the Thunder Beings slithered out of the water. It is said that the snake entered her body during her rest.
The young woman was later married and after the first night spent with her new husband, he died. She mourned and decided to try marriage again with the same result. She tried once more to marry, desperately craving a family. Her third husband died.
Distraught with grief and guilt the young woman decided to end her life. She entered a canoe up stream and allowed the current to carry her to the waterfall.
Just as her canoe was going to tip over the edge and to the sharp rocks below, the Thunder Beings heard her weeping. They caught her mid-fall, and brought her into their cave behind the water.
Once inside, the Thunder Beings taught the young woman how to dispel witchcraft as they alleviated her of the snake and destroyed it.
It is said that the Thunder Beings returned to the clouds. The knowledge passed on to the young woman was brought back to the Haudenosaunee and has been used ever since.
This is the story of The Maid of the Mist from the Original People.